{"id":5328,"date":"2025-03-24T11:53:13","date_gmt":"2025-03-24T19:53:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/?p=5328"},"modified":"2025-06-18T12:06:27","modified_gmt":"2025-06-18T20:06:27","slug":"hard-to-abate-sectors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/hard-to-abate-sectors\/","title":{"rendered":"Industrial Decarbonization: Hard-to-Abate Sectors"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5328\" class=\"elementor elementor-5328\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17b2f9c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"17b2f9c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5ea656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4d5ea656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a82be49 c-box e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a82be49\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66503b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"66503b2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69160e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"69160e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-dc7e6e9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-terms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Webinars<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aff6ad6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aff6ad6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Industrial Decarbonization: Hard-to-Abate Sectors<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d4cf3 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--skin-framed elementor-share-buttons--shape-circle elementor-share-buttons--color-custom elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"53d4cf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"share-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on facebook\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-facebook\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_linkedin\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on linkedin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-linkedin\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_twitter\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on twitter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-twitter\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ad489a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ad489a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d244c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d244c9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6a808a elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e6a808a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/JLZStx1hC5g\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-play-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Watch Webinar<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf977a8 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"cf977a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Hard_to_Abate_US_Webinar_250319v2-EXT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">View presentation<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80c84e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"80c84e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\tExamining the specific CO\u2082 generation activities, fuel inputs, and viable decarbonization options\u2014including electrification\u2014of hard-to-abate sectors is required to provide an accurate outlook on this critical aspect of the energy transition.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75659ac elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"75659ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10dd91d c-box e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10dd91d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4409342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4409342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hard-to-abate emissions continue to be forecast as minimally changing to 2050 across various sectors in the United States, including transportation and industrial sectors which account for two-thirds of total baseline emissions, as shown in <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. These industries rely on energy-intensive processes that are difficult to decarbonize, such as high-temperature furnaces, heavy machinery, and chemical reactions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb17c63 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cb17c63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2483\" height=\"833\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Figure-1-U.S-Emissions-Projections-by-Sector.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4958\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Figure-1-U.S-Emissions-Projections-by-Sector.png 2483w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Figure-1-U.S-Emissions-Projections-by-Sector-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Figure-1-U.S-Emissions-Projections-by-Sector-1024x344.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Figure-1-U.S-Emissions-Projections-by-Sector-768x258.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Figure-1-U.S-Emissions-Projections-by-Sector-1536x515.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Figure-1-U.S-Emissions-Projections-by-Sector-2048x687.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2483px) 100vw, 2483px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 \u2013 Reference Case Emissions Projections by Sector, Source: US EIA (2023)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90326f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90326f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Figure 2<\/strong> below shows the emissions targets federally and by state, which show the misalignment between the forecast emissions over time shown in <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Understanding the factors driving industrial emissions, and the unique abatement options of these sectors, including their potential for energy efficiency, fuel switching or post-emissions abatement is crucial for utilities, policymakers, and industry leaders.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-970d837 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"970d837\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"967\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Blog-States-CO2-Targets-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4902\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Blog-States-CO2-Targets-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Blog-States-CO2-Targets-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Blog-States-CO2-Targets-1024x387.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Blog-States-CO2-Targets-768x290.jpg 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Blog-States-CO2-Targets-1536x580.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Blog-States-CO2-Targets-2048x774.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2 \u2013 Leading State and Federal CO2 Targets, Source: US EIA (2023)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83fe2db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83fe2db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The following sections summarize Energeia\u2019s latest research into hard-to-abate industrial emissions, including the factors contributing to their persistence, strategies for improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions, and opportunities for implementing carbon capture and alternative technologies. These sections offer actionable insights and recommendations designed to help stakeholders address the complexities of decarbonizing hard-to-abate industries while maintaining economic competitiveness.<\/p><h2>US Industrial Energy Consumption<\/h2><p>Industrial energy usage is shown below in <strong>Figure 3<\/strong> by industrial segment and fuel type along with corresponding emissions. Bulk chemicals, mining, refining, and construction have the highest total energy use.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a77200 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a77200\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2369\" height=\"826\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-Energy-Usage-by-Segment-and-Fuel-Type-in-2025.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5354\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-Energy-Usage-by-Segment-and-Fuel-Type-in-2025.png 2369w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-Energy-Usage-by-Segment-and-Fuel-Type-in-2025-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-Energy-Usage-by-Segment-and-Fuel-Type-in-2025-1024x357.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-Energy-Usage-by-Segment-and-Fuel-Type-in-2025-768x268.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-Energy-Usage-by-Segment-and-Fuel-Type-in-2025-1536x536.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-Energy-Usage-by-Segment-and-Fuel-Type-in-2025-2048x714.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2369px) 100vw, 2369px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3 \u2013 Industrial Energy Usage by Segment and Fuel Type in 2025, Source: EIA (2023)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e73fcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e73fcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Refining and bulk chemicals generate more than double the level of CO<sub>2<\/sub> than most other sectors. This investigation into hard-to-abate sectors has focused on a subset of these, where more than electrification is likely to be required for a range of reasons.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90af296 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"90af296\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2321\" height=\"790\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-CO2-Emissions-by-Segments-in-2025.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5353\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-CO2-Emissions-by-Segments-in-2025.png 2321w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-CO2-Emissions-by-Segments-in-2025-300x102.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-CO2-Emissions-by-Segments-in-2025-1024x349.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-CO2-Emissions-by-Segments-in-2025-768x261.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-CO2-Emissions-by-Segments-in-2025-1536x523.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Industrial-CO2-Emissions-by-Segments-in-2025-2048x697.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2321px) 100vw, 2321px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4 \u2013 Industrial CO2 Emissions by Segment in 2025, Source: EIA (2023)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-834a75d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"834a75d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Which Sectors and Processes are Hard to Abate<\/h2><p>Hard-to-abate processes occur in a number of different sectors. Each of the hard-to-abate end uess typically involves one of the following:<\/p><ul><li>Processes with CO<sub>2<\/sub> as a feedstock<\/li><li>Processes with CO<sub>2<\/sub> as a byproduct<\/li><li>Processes requiring a light-weight fuel, typically aviation<\/li><li>Processes requiring a dense fuel, typically shipping<\/li><li>Processes at very high temperatures, which have historically been difficult and\/or costly to achieve with electricity<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Table 1<\/strong> below summarizes the sectors and their corresponding processes which classify them as hard to abate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abf4944 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"abf4944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"709\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Table1-SummaryofHard-to-AbateSectors.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5359\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Table1-SummaryofHard-to-AbateSectors.png 752w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Table1-SummaryofHard-to-AbateSectors-300x283.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Table 1 \u2013 Summary of Hard-to-Abate Industry Sectors, Source: Energeia Research<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cc5786 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cc5786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Solutions for Abatement<\/h2><p>The following table summarizes the different solutions which aim to abate carbon emissions from processes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72024ee elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"72024ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"269\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Table2-SolutionsforHard-to-AbateSectors.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5360\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Table2-SolutionsforHard-to-AbateSectors.png 700w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Table2-SolutionsforHard-to-AbateSectors-300x115.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Table 2 \u2013 Summary of Solutions for Hard-to-Abate Industry Sectors<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35f4b0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35f4b0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Different hard-to-abate sectors benefit from different solutions for emissions abatement. Mixed solutions may be required for different processes within the same industry. Energy efficiency, and alternative processes may not abate all emissions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-973ef9b elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"973ef9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"322\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Table3-PotentialSolutionsbySector.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5361\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Table3-PotentialSolutionsbySector.png 700w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Table3-PotentialSolutionsbySector-300x138.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Table 3 \u2013 Potential Solutions by Section, Source: Energeia Research<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60252b79 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"60252b79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21d7cbde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21d7cbde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Listen or click through at your own pace<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d9418db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6d9418db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c74bf7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c74bf7c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54f0a909 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"54f0a909\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/JLZStx1hC5g\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-play-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">WATCH WEBINAR<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62044176 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62044176\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e1b8526 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6e1b8526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Hard_to_Abate_US_Webinar_250319v2-EXT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">DOWNLOAD PRESENTATION<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a2cade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1a2cade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cdc8d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1cdc8d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Cost to Abate<\/h2><p>Energeia researched and modeled the cost per metric ton of CO<sub>2<\/sub> abatement to decarbonize different sectors. Energeia\u2019s analysis shows a wide range of costs among potential decarbonization pathways for hard-to-abate industry sectors.<\/p><h2>Industrial Sector<\/h2><p><strong>Figure 5<\/strong> below shows the outcomes of the modeling for iron and steel production. Key iron and steel abatement options can be extremely expensive at over $3,000\/CO2e, with carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) or offsets potentially being more cost-effective solution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7e226f elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c7e226f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"356\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Iron-and-Steel-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1024x356.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5355\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Iron-and-Steel-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1024x356.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Iron-and-Steel-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Iron-and-Steel-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-768x267.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Iron-and-Steel-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1536x533.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Iron-and-Steel-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-2048x711.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 5 \u2013 Iron and Steel Production Costs by Key Abatement Solution, Source: Zuberi et al. (2022), IEA (2021 &amp; 2020), ARENA (2021), Note * indicates a solution that can address all stages of production, ^ indicates a simplified levelized cost<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000c1a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"000c1a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For aluminum, shown in <strong>Figure 6<\/strong> below, there are a number of options at much lower cost, but as is the case for iron and steel, CCUS is the only solution (other than offsets) capable of achieving 100% abatement net of lower-cost alternative process solutions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-217482d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"217482d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"356\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aluminum-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1024x356.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5349\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aluminum-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1024x356.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aluminum-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aluminum-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-768x267.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aluminum-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1536x535.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aluminum-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-2048x713.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 6 \u2013 Aluminum Production Costs by Key Abatement Solution, Source: Zuberi et al. (2022), IEA (2021 &amp; 2020), ARENA (2021), Note * indicates a solution that can address all stages of production, ^ indicates a simplified levelized cost<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c542977 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c542977\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For cement production, costs rise compared to aluminum, and improved thermal efficiency is the lowest cost solution to abatement, however, this solution is not capable of abating all emissions. Note that the CCUS costs are vastly different between steel and iron vs. cement, mainly due to the difference in capture and utilization costs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dab9265 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dab9265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2387\" height=\"830\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cement-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5351\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cement-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution.png 2387w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cement-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cement-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1024x356.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cement-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-768x267.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cement-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1536x534.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cement-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-2048x712.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2387px) 100vw, 2387px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 7 \u2013 Cement Production Costs by Abatement Solution, Source: Zuberi et al. (2022), Mission Possible (2022), ARENA (2022) Note * indicates a solution that can address all stages of production, Source: European Commission (2022), European Parliament (2023), freethink (2024), Energeia Research<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5d4ebf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5d4ebf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Petrochemical and chemical production have very high abatement costs, as shown in <strong>Figure 8<\/strong> below, with carbon capture the lowest cost solution to full abatement, and hydrogen alternatives the highest cost solution of any hard-to-abate solutions considered.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bcaa27 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2bcaa27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2382\" height=\"826\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Petrochemical-and-Chem-Prod-Cost-by-Abatement-Solution.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5357\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Petrochemical-and-Chem-Prod-Cost-by-Abatement-Solution.png 2382w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Petrochemical-and-Chem-Prod-Cost-by-Abatement-Solution-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Petrochemical-and-Chem-Prod-Cost-by-Abatement-Solution-1024x355.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Petrochemical-and-Chem-Prod-Cost-by-Abatement-Solution-768x266.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Petrochemical-and-Chem-Prod-Cost-by-Abatement-Solution-1536x533.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Petrochemical-and-Chem-Prod-Cost-by-Abatement-Solution-2048x710.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2382px) 100vw, 2382px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 8 \u2013 Petrochemical and Chemical Production Costs by Abatement Solution, Source: IEA (2021 &amp; 2023). Note * indicates a solution that can address all stages of production<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-321f8a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"321f8a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Importantly, many of the key solutions identified here will not be able to reduce 100% of sector emissions, instead requiring a portfolio approach and\/or offsets.<\/p><h2>Transport Sector<\/h2><p>Transport remains one of the largest emitting sectors that many countries are looking to decarbonize moving forward. <strong>Figures 9 \u2013 11<\/strong> show the cost to abate emissions for heavy-duty road transport, shipping and aviation.<\/p><p>For heavy-duty road transport, electrification is the least cost solution for short-distance applications, however, current battery electric technology is constrained by energy density. Biofuels provide a cost-effective solution for reducing emissions in existing fleets across all sectors despite their lower energy density. Alternative fuels (ie. hydrogen) offer a potential technical solution to the energy density challenge for vehicle range, however, face infrastructure and scalability issues due to the immaturity of the technology. Alternate fuels are also currently modeled to be the highest-cost solution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efd2dff elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"efd2dff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2409\" height=\"835\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Heavy-Duty-Transport-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5352\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Heavy-Duty-Transport-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution.png 2409w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Heavy-Duty-Transport-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Heavy-Duty-Transport-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1024x355.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Heavy-Duty-Transport-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-768x266.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Heavy-Duty-Transport-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1536x532.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Heavy-Duty-Transport-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-2048x710.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2409px) 100vw, 2409px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 9 \u2013 Heavy Duty Transport Production Costs by Abatement Solution <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-358b76d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"358b76d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Heavy duty transport and shipping appear capable of decarbonization without CCUS or offsets, however, aviation remains high cost.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62112dd elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"62112dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2409\" height=\"824\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Shipping-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5358\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Shipping-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution.png 2409w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Shipping-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-300x103.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Shipping-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1024x350.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Shipping-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-768x263.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Shipping-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1536x525.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Shipping-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-2048x701.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2409px) 100vw, 2409px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 10 \u2013 Shipping Production Costs by Abatement Solution, Source: ARENA (2024), Concawe (2022), Rony et al. (2023), NatureEnergy (2024), Energeia Research<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e16f8d2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e16f8d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2409\" height=\"824\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aviation-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5350\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aviation-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution.png 2409w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aviation-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-300x103.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aviation-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1024x350.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aviation-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-768x263.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aviation-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-1536x525.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Aviation-Prod-Costs-by-Abatement-Solution-2048x701.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2409px) 100vw, 2409px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 11 \u2013 Aviation Production Costs by Abatement Solution, Source: ARENA (2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b88f0d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b88f0d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Future Directions<\/h2><p>Uncertainty in costs additionally drives the complexity of decarbonization of hard-to-abate sectors. <strong>Figures 12 and 13<\/strong> below show the range in estimates of solution costs depending on the technology and the forecast year.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a249dfd elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a249dfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2325\" height=\"894\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Carbon-Capture-and-Storage.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5363\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Carbon-Capture-and-Storage.png 2325w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Carbon-Capture-and-Storage-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Carbon-Capture-and-Storage-1024x394.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Carbon-Capture-and-Storage-768x295.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Carbon-Capture-and-Storage-1536x591.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Carbon-Capture-and-Storage-2048x787.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2325px) 100vw, 2325px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 12 \u2013 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), Source: IEA (2022), Wood Mackenzie (2021)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-612ffdb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"612ffdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2329\" height=\"896\" src=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Land-Use-Land-Use-Change-and-Forestry-LULUCF.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5362\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Land-Use-Land-Use-Change-and-Forestry-LULUCF.png 2329w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Land-Use-Land-Use-Change-and-Forestry-LULUCF-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Land-Use-Land-Use-Change-and-Forestry-LULUCF-1024x394.png 1024w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Land-Use-Land-Use-Change-and-Forestry-LULUCF-768x295.png 768w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Land-Use-Land-Use-Change-and-Forestry-LULUCF-1536x591.png 1536w, https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Land-Use-Land-Use-Change-and-Forestry-LULUCF-2048x788.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2329px) 100vw, 2329px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 13 \u2013 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF), Source: MIT (2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce0e1fa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ce0e1fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642f35a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"642f35a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Key Takeaways and Recommendations<\/h2><p>Energeia\u2019s key takeaways and recommendations for tackling emissions reductions in hard-to-abate industries (derived from Energeia\u2019s best practice research and innovative analysis) are summarized below.<\/p><p><strong>Key Takeaways<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li>Industry and transport sectors (excluding light duty) represent 2\/3 of baseline emissions in the US<\/li><li>Of these, a large proportion of them are not suited to electrification for a range of reasons<\/li><li>While specific solutions are being developed in each case, they can be very high-cost<\/li><li>CCS\/CCUS and offsets are general approaches that may be needed to achieve abatement targets<\/li><li>A key question is how accurate the CCS \/ CCUS cost estimates are<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Key Recommendations<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li>Electric high temperature heat technologies are a key solution that will be essential to the transition\u200b<\/li><li>R&amp;D focus will be key to bringing its cost down\u200b<\/li><li>While biofuels are relatively low cost, there are not enough of them to meet all needs\u200b<\/li><li>Green hydrogen will be needed to provide feedstock, and the focus should be on this application\u200b<\/li><li>Much is riding on CCS \/ CCUS and LULUCF, and additional effort should be focused on them to bring costs down and ensure capacity<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02c3028 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"02c3028\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-9c6a713 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9c6a713\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b30ebb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b30ebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">You may also like\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d351911 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d351911\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad124f3 elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"ad124f3\" 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of Water and Power (LADWP) gathered a team of leading industry experts, including Energeia, to develop an Integrated Human Resources Plan (IHRP)\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/ladwp-develops-ihrp\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about LADWP Develops an Integrated Human Resources Plan to Aid the LA100 Program\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Examining the specific CO\u2082 generation activities, fuel inputs, and viable decarbonization options\u2014including electrification\u2014of hard-to-abate sectors is required to provide an accurate outlook on this critical aspect of the energy transition.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":5375,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[35,38],"class_list":["post-5328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-webinars","tag-decarcarbonisation","tag-electrification"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Industrial Decarbonization: Hard-to-Abate Sectors - Energeia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the challenges, potential solutions, costs, and timing for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/energeia-usa.com\/hard-to-abate-sectors\/\" \/>\n<meta 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